The Discovery and Chemistry of Dry Ice Essay Example

The Discovery and Chemistry of Dry Ice Paper In 1835, the French chemist Charles Thilorier was the first man to discover dry ice. One day he opened a very large container of liquid carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide would quickly evaporate, which left a solid dry ice in the bottom of the container. For the next 60 years, dry ice was observed in university laboratories. Dry ice is a solid form of carbon dioxide. Dry ice changes directly from a solid to a gas. This process is known as sublimation. Dry ice never goes through a liquid state. The ice is colorless, odorless, and tasteless. Also, the density of dry ice ranges from 1.2 to 1.6 kg/dm3. The weight is about 44.01 g/mole. Dry ice commonly comes in 2 different forms. They come in big blocks that can weight up to 30 kilograms, or also in little pellets. Dry ice is made by starting with liquid carbon dioxide held under pressure (300 psi) in storage containers. The liquid carbon dioxide is sent through an expansion valve, into an empty chamber, where it flashes into carbon dioxide gas. This causes the temperature to drop from the change of liquid to gas. Forty-six percent of the gas will freeze into fry ice. Dry ice is used for many different reasons; such as freezing warts to making fog for parties. Doctors use dry ice to freeze warts to make removal easier. Many people mix dry ice and hot water to make fog for celebrations. It is also used in fog machines for dramatic effects. Many people use to dry ice to preserve foods. It helps freeze food without the help of mechanical cooling. Dry ice is also used in construction. The dry ice is cold enough to freeze tile and crack them. Making it easier to remove. We will write a custom essay sample on The Discovery and Chemistry of Dry Ice specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Discovery and Chemistry of Dry Ice specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Discovery and Chemistry of Dry Ice specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The temperature of dry ice is -109.3? or -78.5?. Whenever handling, users should always wear insulated gloves. If not wearing insulated gloves, coming in contact with dry ice can lead to frostbite or cold burns. Many people infer dry ice as, â€Å"hot ice.† The reason why is because of the hot burning sensation when it comes in

Critical factors that made the Capetian dynasty so powerful Essays

Critical factors that made the Capetian dynasty so powerful Essays Critical factors that made the Capetian dynasty so powerful Paper Critical factors that made the Capetian dynasty so powerful Paper Essay Topic: Claim Of Fact History There are several factors to be considered when discussing the consolidation of the powers of the Capetian Kings. This essay seeks to outline and discuss three critical factors that made the Capetian dynasty so powerful. These include; marketing the image of kingship through anointing, agricultural development and the importance of succession. The first of the influential powers, which marked out kings, was their anointment. The Church consecrated the king; the ointment using holy oil, the kings where seen to act as a bridge between God and the people a king would be the chosen one of God. This einforced the religious image of the monarchy. The dukes of Francia were undeniably kings, along with all the prestige this brought. The Capetians above all other European monarchs integrated spirituality into their self-image the kings were marked out to rule. Louis VI and Louis VII made themselves into the most Christian kings. French kings received noticeably better reviews than other monarchs of their time, adored by their people. The capetians certainly used their ties to the Church to their advantage. The kings claimed to possess powers of miracles; the water Robert the Pious (996-1031) had ashed his hands with cured a beggar of his blindness. These type of tales created hysteria, fascination and the kings where seen as cult figures. The kings where becoming more beloved by the common people. To them, the Kings were their only protectors. This religious image proved extremely beneficial. Developments such as these strengthened the position of the kings. The second main influence when considering the power of Capetian Kings and definitely a related development throughout this period is the great agricultural production. The apetian initially controlled only the duchy of France (Paris and Orleans) but owing to a shrewd and persistent policy of annexation their jurisdiction progressively extended to other regions. This, for the first time now could convert the latent fertility of the soils of northern France, and especially in the Ile-de-France, into great wealth. The Ile-de-France was the centre of the kings domain, the land was relatively small but of significant importance, with an excellent location surrounding cultural Paris- the capital of western Europe- accessible transport links and the University- attracting many students. This gave the king the opportunity to tax this popular area, thus creating revenue. This localized area was the basis to rapid grow and future expansion of agricultural expansion and trade. This was seen to be an economic revolution with the expansion of lands, fairs and markets, tools and mills. With climatic changes and rapid advanced farming techniques saw the demand in economic developments. Its manifestations varied from region to region, and time scales ere widely different, but overall it is clear that by the time of Philip 1s reign land clearance was increasing, villages and monastric communities expanding, long-distance trade growing as the demand for luxury goods gradually increased, local markets multiplying and coinage circulating widely in much of France. The demand led to land clearing. The pressure of an expanding population and the stimulus of better agricultural techniques now caused lan d to be cleared and reclaimed from the forests for farming. The final factor but just as important as to the consolidation of powers of the Capetians as family and dynasty became so strong is due to succession particularly fortunate as well as clever. The capetians had the infinite advantage of being a long-lived clan. Aside from Hugh Capet himself the first of seven Capetian kings to all rule for over twenty- five years a piece- as well as Philip I reigning for almost half a century. This was the beginning of the succession from father to son; the continuation of succession was vitally important which kept a certain loyalty within the family. The throne was unlikely to be challenged. They also had the good fortune and shrewd match-making-and-breaking to secure themselves and their male heirs. The royal policy of crowning the son in his Fathers lifetime was carried out extremely smoothly. One place the Capetians certainly did find difficulty in maintaining their position was in the indisputable fact that their house had usurped the throne from existing Carolingians. Without a break in the succession, however, it became increasingly difficult to foresee a return to the old bloodline, especially with some judicious marriages on the part of the capetians. The old 4 History Of Medieval Europe p189. 5 France In Middle Ages regime confirmed a central fact about the way the capetians saw themselves, the capetians genuinely saw themselves to be legitimate successors to his title, especially as time went on. Survival, despite the precarious situation of the late tenth century, was something, which was becoming more and more certain as the dynasty progressed. The capetians as a family and as a dynasty became so strong due to many factors but land holdings, anointment and succession all demonstrate the crucial role in which they played n the development of their powers and of the dynasty. All were well thought out and very clever. The increase of agricultural development converted into genuine wealth and prosperity. The shrewd thinking and aggressive tactics of succession securing themselves and their heirs to the throne and the importance of anointment and their connections to the Church had on developing their reputations and popularity. All three factors clearly demonstrate and provide support in the consolidation of the powers of the capetian kings.

Starting A Copywriting Business

Starting A Copywriting Business Starting A Copywriting Business Starting A Copywriting Business By Ali Hale This is a guest article by Andy MacDonald. Today companies are realizing that cleverly written copy can seriously affect the responsiveness to their ads and marketing collateral. Online and offline content has to be designed in a cleverly written manner to induce the reader to purchase the business’s products or services, or otherwise do what the advertiser wants them to do. If you have excellent writing skills and have copywriting experience, this could be the ideal business venture for you. To start this type of business, you would need excellent writing skills and past experience with writing creative advertising copy. So let’s take a look at a few key areas involved in starting your own copywriting business. Since you are providing a service that has no inventory, your initial costs will be minimal. You will have to pay for the design, development, and hosting of your Web site. You will have to invest in an appropriate computer, software and a printer. Other costs that you will incur are associated with promoting your copywriting service online and offline. The cost to start this type of business will generally range from $4,000 to $10,000. (Note from the editor: I believe you could start operating with even less, perhaps $100. Setup a domain name with a free and clean WordPress theme and you are ready to go.) If you were starting this venture a home-based business you could run the business single handedly for as long as is necessary; however if you wanted to start this as a full-time business all you would need to get going is one full time employee. If your business requests exceed what you’re capable of handling, you might consider hiring an additional employee as and when required. This business has strong international potential, and with the presence of the Internet, its the kind of business which can be run from anywhere in the world. If you were fluent in other languages you could even advertise for copywriting jobs in other countries. This of course depends on your level of knowledge with the foreign languages and cultures. It is important to remember that if you are writing copy for a company from another culture, you should understand the culture for which you are writing the copy. In many instances advertising firms have designed and implemented a marketing campaign before understanding what the culture was all about. This has resulted in offending millions of individuals with advertisements that offend the home country’s culture. If you decide to take on any international projects, make sure you do your research first before you write your advertising copy. One bad experience could seriously hinder the future of your copywriting business. With the internet playing an ever-increasingly role in everyday life, there are now many ways you can advertise and promote your new business on and offline. Here are a few tips on where you should be promoting this type of business. Participate in newsgroups and discussion forums related to marketing and advertising with a cleverly designed signature file. Participating in advertising and marketing-related mailing lists would enable you to display your expertise while directing traffic to your Web site. Develop links from as many advertising, marketing, and business-service-related Web sites, meta-indexes, and directories as possible. Use caution with your link trading strategies though! Participate in marketing related e-zines through contribution of appropriate articles that feature your expertise and knowledge of your craft. And finally, a few tips on where you could earn additional income with this type of business; you might want to consider offering graphic design services to your clients. Since this would complement your copywriting service, you would be able to develop extensive promotional pieces for your clients. Another option is to offer ghost-writing services, press release services, advertising copy, marketing copy and any number of other related topics. Copywriting is now big business both on and off the internet. Advertisers are increasingly looking to skilled copywriters to craft their promotional copy, trying to gain every edge over their competitor. A highly skilled copywriter can earn thousands of dollars per month if he has the time and skills to dedicate to such a venture. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Freelance Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Words with More Than One SpellingDriver License vs. Driver’s LicenseDouble Possessive

Censorship on the Internet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Censorship on the Internet - Essay Example The Rudd government of Australia wants to introduce the ‘Clean Feed’ project to control internet content. ‘Clean Feed’ aims to censor material on the internet for all Australians, ultimately blocking some forms of content for all individuals, mainly pornography, and possibly other controversial websites on euthanasia or anorexia (Courier Mail; Daily Telegraph). This paper explores the advantages and disadvantages of internet censorship. It argues that the government no longer needs to spend millions on internet censorship, because it cannot achieve the outcomes it aims for, because there are already many ways of accessing controversial and illegal content. Instead, the government should focus on generating a self-censorship policy, which focuses on educating the public, especially schools and parents, in using free internet censorship software and in educating the people about the harms of accessing illicit content on the web. Internet censorship is not enti rely flawed, because the principle behind it is that the internet should be a safe virtual space for everyone, especially children. Children should be protected from pornographic content, and being victims of pornography too (Flood). Flood shows that â€Å"children and adolescents may be shocked or disturbed by premature or inadvertent encounters with sexually explicit material per se† (388). Since the internet has become increasingly accessible and prominent among the youth, the government also has a responsibility to prevent children’s access to pornography online. The Christian Lobby's Jim Wallace tells the Four Corners that he finds it "quite amazing" that anyone would be against the filter plans (Ross). He asserts his own censorship ideals: "The bigger principle here is to establish the principle that the internet is not a free zone and I think that given the movement of technology and given the expectation of society that what the Government is proposing is there fore a good solution† (Ross). He adds: "We've lobbied the Government of course and we've lobbied quite hard. We got the first commitment to this prior to the last election and you know we're happy to see that the Government is delivering on it.† (Ross). Furthermore, many of these sexual websites have viruses and other computer programs that can harm computers. The Rudd government believes that internet censorship can make the internet a more family-friendly environment and a safer place for children to explore. It then aims to filter questionable content, such as pornography, abortion, profanity, sexual content, suicide and any other material that may seem obscene and unfit for children (Courier Mail; Daily Telegraph). It does so in the role of a caring parent, who seeks to guide the moral development of the nation’s children. Internet censorship is not all-encompassing, so it does not entirely obstruct the freedom of speech. Internet censorship is limited in reac h and impact in Australia. The Clean Feed is designed to have two filters, one being a mandatory stipulation for all Internet Service Providers, and this will target illegal web pages, terrorism, and child pornography. The second filter will censor out all material which is rated R material. This filter will be an optional filter for people in the household. This means that internet censorship remains as a form of self-censorship, with options for opting out for some internet

The role of marketing communication to increase brand loyalty; in Research Proposal

The role of marketing communication to increase brand loyalty; in context of Waitrose - Research Proposal Example Previously, there have been quite a large number of studies that has focused on topics related to this. This study will be particularly interesting as this is a case specific study on Waitrose, the food retail division of Britain’s largest employee-owned retailer, the John Lewis Partnership supermarkets. This research intends to find out the impact of marketing communication on the loyalty of existing customers of the organization. This study can help the organization to bring necessary changes in the marketing communication techniques that are currently used by it and help to improve its brand equity. Several studies have been conducted in the field of marketing communication to understand its impact on the brand equity and brand loyalty of customers. In the study conducted by Ramos and Franco (2005), they had studied the impact of marketing communication and price promotion on brand equity. The results from their study indicate a positive relationship between the marketing communication and brand equity and offer strong support for the measures of perceived quality and brand loyalty. In fact, it was observed that there are several precursors to brand equity, namely brand awareness, brand image and brand awareness (Ramos and Franco, 2005). Customer brand loyalty is a topic that has been widely researched by various scholars. The commonality of all these studies have indicated that all firms can improve their profit margins by creating a base of loyal customers, which also have the additional benefit of creating a word-of-mouth advertisement for firms, thereby indirectly improving the marketing communication. The proponents of this study includes scholars like, Liu(2007), Gustaffson, et al. (2005), Oliver (1999), Wood (2004), to name a few (Keller, 1993). The research conducted by MC Alexander, et al. (2002) had revealed that brand loyalty can be enhanced in relational marketing by brand

Erick Ericksons Stages of Development Essay Example for Free

Erick Ericksons Stages of Development Essay Erick Erickson was a German psychoanalyst. His interest in identity was developed from his personal experiences he had at school. One of the main elements of his stage theory, which are known as Erikson’s Stages of Development, is the development of ego identity. Ego identity is the sense of connection or belonging between a person and a particular social religion, political group, value, sexual orientation, and so on. He believed that our ego identity changed constantly due to new experiences or different interactions you have with people daily. To explain his ideas more clearly he organized life into eight stages that start from birth to death, According to the theory if you complete each stage you will have a healthy personality and feel a sense of satisfaction with yourself. If you fail to complete each or an individual stage it can result in having an unhealthy personality or a bad self-esteem. Each stage has two outcomes. The first four stages occur in childhood, the next four are at adulthood. Since adulthood includes too many years he divided them into adolescence, middle adulthood, and seniors or maturity. The stages of development are: trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. hame and doubt, initiative vs. guilt, industry vs. inferiority, identity vs. identity diffusion, intimacy vs. isolation, generativity vs. stagnation, and integrity vs. despair. The fifth stage of development, identity versus identity diffusion, occurs in adolescence, which includes teens from ages 12 to 18. In this stage, adolescents discover who they really are. They begin to know what their role in gender is, what their role in society is, discover their strengths, weaknesses, and make goals. In order to accomplish this stage adolescents need to explore different identities and commit to one or try to â€Å"fit in†. I think that it is very obvious when you see a teenager in this stage because one day you might see them with a group of friends that are athletic and dressed in jerseys, running shoes and so on, then later you might see them with a group of Goths who dress in black. Deciding whether you will attend college or just go to a vocational school, and simply finding what you want to become in the future, or study is also a part of your identity, even religion and political views are part of finding out who you really are. It is a complicated process but that is why you need to mature to make the correct choices. You need the encouragement and reinforcement of your loved ones to help you. If you fail to accomplish this stage you have what is called an identity crisis or also known as a diffusion which means you are not committed to an occupation, a religion, or your cultural identity. This is considered to be a normal problem in a teenager’s life. There is a solution to this problem because but you explore the different identities and decide which one appeals to your life style and you commit to it, you are ready to move on to the next stage and be an independent adult. Erickson’s fifth stage is influenced from James Marcia identity statuses, which are, identity diffusion, foreclosure, moratorium, and identity achieved. Marcia’s ideas will help you better understand the importance of Erickson’s stages of development. Identity diffusion refers to when there is neither an identity crisis nor commitment. Identity achieved is when the person has gone through an exploration of different identities and made a commitment to one. Moratorium is the status in which the teen is currently in a crisis, while exploring a variety of identities and is ready to make choices but not ready to commit to one. Last is foreclosure which is when the adolescent is committed to an identity but they commit to an identity because it has been handed to them. These are not stages but rather a process to finding an identity. So how does this stage affect you personality? A teen who has answered the question â€Å"Who am I? †, and â€Å"Where will I go later in life†, learn fidelity. Fidelity is being loyal to a person, cause, or belief. Devotion is also learned through this stage. Devotion is defined as love, loyalty, or enthusiasm for a person, activity, or cause. You also become a more social person and do well with social relationships. Those who receive proper encouragement and reinforcement when exploring will move on to the next stage with a strong sense of self and a feeling of independence and control. Being independent is admitting you did wrong, being able to think for yourself, you also learn how to take care of yourself. We need independence in order to survive. A teen learns to be true to themselves. The other outcome to this is stage, not finding who you are, can make you confused about your role in society, and cause you to have a weak self-esteem. You can also be an insecure individual who feels lost in the world. A person that has identified diffusion may be described as disorganized, complicated, and somewhat unethical. Finding your identity is a process full of anxiety, but it is very normal for a teen to go through all this trouble. A lot of the choices you make at this point in life are influenced by your peers. This is the time of age when you get the most peer pressure, you begin to rebel against your parents, and begin to explore your role as a men or women. I believe the process might be different for a female compared to a male. So the purpose of finding an identity is to know who you are, what you want in life, and what you want to become, to be an independent individual with a strong sense of self, who knows how to develop social relationships. People will begin to look at you different when you develop an identity, and they can treat you more serious, and more like an adult.

Evil and the Possibility of the Conversion into Good Essay -- Philosop

Evil and the Possibility of the Conversion into Good According to Kant, radical evil is the deep inherent blemish of our species that does not spare even the best of people. Despite judging the extirpation of such evil as an impossibility, Kant holds out the possibility of converting evil into good by means of human forces. But how can this be given the radical evil of human nature? I articulate various problems that arise from Kant’s conception of conversion while exploring certain resources in his thinking in order to clarify and resolve this difficulty. The difficulty nears an aporia when Kant asks: how can a bad tree bear good fruit? Two arguments will be presented as answers. The first maintains that free will is not definitely committed to any maxim generally accepted. The second points out the possibility of compromise between free will and a good ground maxim as the way to build up a coherent system of maxims. This would be clearly impossible if a bad ground maxim were chosen. While undecisive, the second argument is rel evant because it leads to the overcoming of a certain incoherence in Kant's thought. In this way, I argue that the thesis of an existing intrinsic deficiency of the radical evil enjoys the status of a "quasi foundation" of human behavior. According to Kant, radical evil is the deep inherent blemish of our species that will not spare even the best of men. In spite of judging it impossible the extirpation of such evil, the German master deems it possible the conversion into good by means of human forces themselves. The purpose of our present work is to raise the following question: How can this conversion be possible, given the radical evil of human nature? To our mind, this problem brings a difficu... ...tte University Press, 1995, vol. II, part 2. Kant, I. Werkausgabe, herausgegeben von Wilhelm Weischedel, vierte Auflage, Frankfurt am Main, Suhrkamp Taschenbuch Verlag, 1982, Bà ¤nder VII, VIII _____. "Fundamentaà §Ãƒ £o da Metafà ­sica dos Costumes", Os Pensadores, trad. Paulo Quintela, S. Paulo, Abril Cultural, 1980 _____. Crà ­tica da Razà £o Prà ¡tica, trad. Artur Morà £o, Lisboa, Edià §Ãƒ µes 70, 1994 _____. Mà ©taphysique des Moeurs, trad. A Philonenko, Paris, J. Vrin, 1995 _____. La Religion dans les Limites de la Simple Raison, trad. J.Gibelin, Paris, Vrin, 1983 Murgueza, J.; Aramayo, R. orgs. Kant despuà ©s de Kant: en el Bicentenario de la Critica de la Razon Prà ¡ctica; Madrid, Tecnos, 1989 Quillien, J. & Kirscher, G. Cahiers Éric Weil III: Interprà ©tations de Kant, Lille, Presses Universitaires de Lille, 1992 Weil, E. Problà ¨mes kantiens, Paris, J. Vrin, 1982.